Acute Hepatitis in a Pediatric Patient with COVID -19: Case Report / Hepatitis Aguda en un paciente pediátrico con COVID-19

COVID-19 typically courses with mild clinical manifestations; however, a pediatric patient might get severe sequelae and complications when there is an infection. There is no information about liver complications due to COVID-19 in children in Mexico. This case report will set a precedent about timely diagnosis for hepatitis as a complication for COVID-19 disease in young patients in Mexico. Clinical case: A 12-years-old man has intermittent generalized abdominal pain misdiagnosed and treated for irritable bowel syndrome 3 days prior. The abdominal pain stayed, and a day after the patient vomited 3 times (each one after every meal). The patient started with orangish urine, weakness, fatigue and hyporexia 1 day prior to admission. The day of the admittance, a COVID-19 RT-PCR test was performed, giving a positive result. Once he was admitted, laboratory tests were made, showing an increase of liver enzyme levels, showing liver disease as a complication for the viral infection. Conclusion: Pediatrics patients might get Hepatitis due to COVID-19. In a patient with abdominal pain or other liver disease symptoms while coursing with the virus or even after the infection, further investigation must be made.

El COVID-19 típicamente cursa con manifestaciones clínicas leves, sin embargo, un paciente pediátrico puede presentar secuelas y complicaciones graves cuando existe una infección. No hay información sobre complicaciones hepáticas por COVID-19 en niños en México. Este reporte de caso sentará un precedente sobre el diagnóstico oportuno de hepatitis como complicación de la enfermedad COVID-19 en pacientes jóvenes en México. Caso clínico: Varón de 12 años con dolor abdominal generalizado intermitente mal diagnosticado y tratado por colon irritable 3 días antes. El dolor abdominal se mantuvo, y al día siguiente el paciente vomitó 3 veces (cada una después de cada comida). El paciente comenzó con orina anaranjada, debilidad, fatiga e hiporexia 1 día antes de su ingreso. El día del ingreso se le realizó una prueba de RT-PCR de COVID-19 dando positivo. Una vez que ingresó, se realizaron exámenes de laboratorio que mostraron un aumento de los niveles de enzimas hepáticas, lo que mostró una enfermedad hepática como complicación de la infección viral. Conclusión: Los pacientes pediátricos pueden contraer hepatitis por COVID-19. En un paciente con dolor abdominal u otros síntomas de enfermedad hepática mientras cursa con el virus o incluso después de la infección, se debe realizar una investigación adicional.

Hepatitis Relapse after Yellow Fever Infection: Is There Another Wave?

Abstract During the yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil, many cases of fulminant hepatitis were seen, although mild to moderate hepatitis was mostly observed with complete recovery. This report presents a case of late-onset hepatitis due to YF relapse. The patient sought medical attention after jaundice recurrence 40 days after the first YF hepatitis episode. This case highlights the importance of patient follow-up after the complete resolution of YF symptoms and discharge.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis in area with recent Leishmania transmission: prevalence, diagnosis, and molecular identification of the infecting species

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is an endemic disease in Brazil, and integrated control actions have been adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health to control its spread. However, the transmission profile is unknown in areas with recent CVL cases, including Itaúna, located in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, where the present study was carried out. METHODS: A total of 2,302 dogs from 12 neighborhoods were serologically tested for canine VL using the current diagnostic protocol adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Test positivity rate (TPR) and CVL prevalence were determined for each neighborhood. The presence of Leishmania was assessed in 60 seropositive dogs which had been recommended for euthanasia. Twenty-two of them (37%) were asymptomatic, and 38 (63%) were symptomatic for CVL. Parasitological (myeloculture and smear/imprint) and molecular (PCR) methods were employed for Leishmania detection in bone marrow, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ear skin. The infecting Leishmania species was identified by DNA sequencing. RESULTS: CVL prevalence (per 1,000 dogs) varied from 0.0-166.67, depending on the neighborhood, with a mean of 68.96 (SD 51.38). Leishmania DNA was detected in at least one tissue from all seropositive dogs, with comparable TPR among tissues. Leishmania parasites were identified in most (54/60) seropositive dogs, and the infecting parasite was identified as Leishmania infantum in all of these. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of CVL is a contributor to the spread of visceral leishmaniasis in Itaúna.

Hepatitis hipóxica en paciente con endomiocardiofibrosis / Hypoxic hepatitis in a patient with endomyocardial fibrosis

La endomiocardiofibrosis es una causa de miocardiopatía restrictiva frecuente en la región de África subsahariana, aunque poco frecuente en nuestra población. Posee estrecha relación con la presencia de hipereosinofilia en sangre y tiene alta morbimortalidad. La hepatitis hipóxica es una afección clínica con un patrón enzimático característico, muy prevalente en unidades de cuidados intensivos y elevada mortalidad. Se reconocen múltiples mecanismos fisiopatológicos, como la isquemia, la congestión venosa y la alteración en la utilización de oxígeno del hepatocito. Describimos el caso de u na paciente de 35 años, consumidora de cocaína, con diagnóstico de endomiocardiofibrosis secundario a síndrome hipereosinofílico idiopático que presentó shock cardiogénico y hepatitis hipóxica asociada. Evolucionó favorablemente con el tratamiento de sostén adecuado.

Endomyocardial fibrosis is a restrictive cardiomyopathy with high morbidity and mortality rates, prevalent in the sub-Saharan Africa region but infrequent in our population. It has a close relation with blood hypereosinophilia. Hypoxic hepatitis is frequently observed in intensive care units and its diagnosis is clinical. It shows a typical enzyme pattern with high mortality too. There are multiple mechanisms responsible for this condition, such as ischemia, passive congestion and dysoxia. We described the case of a 35 year-old cocaine addict woman diagnosed with endomyocardial fibrosis and hypereosinophilic syndrome who developed cardiogenic shock with hypoxic hepatitis. The patient evolved favorably with the appropriate treatment.

Early monitoring for detection of antituberculous drug-induced hepatotoxicity

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We investigated the time of onset of antituberculous drug-induced hepatotoxicity (ADIH) and related characteristics. METHODS: Adult patients (n = 1,031) treated with first-line antituberculous drugs between February 2009 and January 2013 were enrolled. RESULTS: Of the 1,031 patients, 108 patients (10.5%) developed ADIH a mean of 39.6 +/- 43.7 days after treatment initiation. Twenty-eight patients (25.9%) developed ADIH within 7 days, 73 (67.6%) within 30 days, and the rest after 30 days. The 30-day group. In subgroup analysis, the 40 IU/L (odds ratio [OR], 2.995; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.580 to 5.680; p = 0.001) and presence of anti-hepatitis C virus (OR, 4.204; 95% CI, 1.822 to 9.700, p = 0.001) were independent risk factors for development of ADIH. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 70% of the cases of ADIH occurred in the first month of antituberculous treatment, and were associated with continuation of the first-line drug regimen.

A Case of Severe Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection with Aplastic Anemia and Hepatitis / 대한소화기학회지

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes various acute and chronic diseases. Chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) is characterized by infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms that persist for more than 6 months with high viral loads in peripheral blood and/or an unusual pattern of anti-EBV antibodies. Severe CAEBV is associated with poor prognosis with severe symptoms, an extremely high EBV-related antibody titer, and hematologic complications that often include hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. However, CAEBV which led to the development of aplastic anemia (AA) has not been reported yet. A 73-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with intermittent fever, general weakness and elevated liver enzymes. In the serologic test, EBV-related antibody titer was elevated, and real-time quantitative-PCR in peripheral blood showed viral loads exceeding 10(4) copies/microg DNA. Liver biopsy showed characteristic histopathological changes of EBV hepatitis and in situ hybridization with EBV-encoded RNA-1 was positive for EBV. Pancytopenia was detected in peripheral blood, and the bone marrow aspiration biopsy showed hypocellularity with replacement by adipocytes. AA progressed and the patient was treated with prednisolone but deceased 8 months after the diagnosis due to multiple organ failure and opportunistic infection. Herein, we report a rare case of severe CAEBV in an adult patient accompanied by AA and persistent hepatitis.

Hepatitis hipóxica / Hypoxic hepatitis

Hypoxic hepatitis (HH), or ischemic hepatitis occurs in the context of cardiac, circulatory or respiratory failure and is characterized by a sharp increase in serum aminotransferase levels due to anoxic necrosis of centrilobular liver cells. It is frequently observed in the ICU and has been associated to increased patient morbidity and mortality. Hepatic ischemia in the presence of a shock state is the main hemodynamic mechanism. However, other hemodynamic mechanisms of hypoxia, such as hepatic passive congestion, arterial hypoxemia and tissue dysoxia play an important role. Shock state is observed in only 50 percent of the cases. HH therapy of depends primarily on the nature of the underlying condition. Patients with HH have poor prognosis with more than 50 percent of mortality during the hospital stay.

Hepatitis hipóxica (HH) o hepatitis isquémica se presenta en el contexto de insuficiencia cardíaca, respiratoria o circulatoria y se caracteriza por aumento brusco de transaminasas debido a la necrosis por anoxia de las células centrilobulillares del hígado. La HH es frecuente en UCI y está asociada a un aumento en la morbilidad y mortalidad. La isquemia hepática por un estado de shock es la principal causa. Sin embargo, mecanismos de hipoxia como la congestión pasiva del hígado, hipoxemia arterial y disoxia tisular juegan un importante rol. Se shock observa en sólo 50 por ciento de los casos. El tratamiento depende primariamente de la causa subyacente. Los pacientes con HH tienen un mal pronóstico con más de 50 por ciento de mortalidad intrahospitalaria.

Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Hepatocellular Carcinoma / 대한소화기학회지

Many studies have suggested that occult HBV infection has a substantial clinical relevance to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Occult HBV infection is an important risk factor for the development of cirrhosis and HCC in patients without HBsAg. As a matter of fact, occult HBV infection is one of the most common causes of crytogenic HCC in endemic areas of HBV. However, there still are controversial issues about the association between occult HBV infection and HCC according to the underlying liver disease. In alcoholic cirrhosis, occult HBV infection may exert synergistic effect on the development of HCC. However, there is insufficient evidence to relate occult HBV infection to hepatocarcinogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In cryptogenic HCC, occult HBV infection may play a direct role in the development of HCC. In order to elucidate the assocciation between occult HBV infection and HCC, underlying liver disease must be specified and larger number of cases must be included in future studies.

Hepatocarcinoma: frecuencia en el servicio de gastroenterología del hospital militar “Dr. Carlos Arvelo” en 5 años / Hepatocellular carcinoma: frequency in the service gastroenterology of hospital militar

El hepatocarcinoma es la neoplasia primaria hepática más frecuente con una incidencia creciente en todo el mundo cuyo pronóstico está ligado con el diagnóstico temprano. Determinar la frecuencia del hepatocarcinoma en pacientes del Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Militar "Dr. Carlos Arvelo" durante el período 2006-2011. Trabajo retrospectivo y descriptivo. Se recolectaron historias médicas de 39 pacientes con ese diagnóstico. Los rasgos demográficos fueron similares a los descritos en Occidente: predominio hombres (71,79%), edad promedio entre 60 y 69 años (35,8%). La primera causa fue por hepatitis C (35,89%), seguida por el alcohol (25,64%) y hepatitis B (15,38%). Para estadificación se usaron los criterios Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, siendo al momento del diagnóstico el estadio D el más frecuente (68,57%). El 28,20% recibió tratamiento. Sorafenib fue lo más utilizado, (7 pacientes) dado que ingresaban al Hospital en estadio terminal limitando las opciones terapéuticas. El 12,8% de los pacientes estaban vivos al momento de realizar el estudio. El hepatocarcinoma es un tumor raro en nuestro medio. Frecuentemente produce pocos síntomas, manifestándose como descompensación de la función hepática en pacientes con cirrosis por lo que debe intensificarse la pesquisa, para lograr diagnóstico temprano y mejorar el pronóstico

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary neoplasm liver with an increasing incidence worldwide whose prognosis is linked to early diagnosis. To determine the frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients from the Gastroenterology Service of the Military Hospital "Dr. Carlos Arvelo" during the period 2006-2011. Retrospective and descriptive. Were collected from medical records of 39 patients with that diagnosis. The demographic features were similar to those described in the West: predominantly men (71.79%), average age between 60 and 69 (35.8%). The first cause was hepatitis C (35.89%), followed by alcohol (25.64%) and hepatitis B (15.38%). For staging criteria were used Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, being at the time of diagnosis, stage D the most common (68.57%). The 28.20% received treatment. Sorafenib was the most used, (7 patients) admitted to the hospital since end-stage limiting therapeutic options. 12.8% of patients were alive at the time of the study. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a rare tumor in our environment. Often produces few symptoms, manifesting as decompensation of liver function in patients with cirrhosis and should be intensified screening to achieve early diagnosis and improve prognosis

A case of emphysematous hepatitis with spontaneous pneumoperitoneum in a patient with hilar cholangiocarcinoma / 대한간학회지

An 80-year-old woman with hilar cholangiocarcinoma was hospitalized due to sudden-onset abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed hepatic necrosis accompanied with emphysematous change in the superior segment of the right liver (S7/S8), implying spontaneous rupture, based on the presence of perihepatic free air. Although urgent percutaneous drainage was performed, neither pus nor fluids were drained. These findings suggest emphysematous hepatitis with a hepatic mass. Despite the application of intensive care, the patient's condition deteriorated rapidly, and she died 3 days after admission to hospital. Liver gas has been reported in some clinical diseases (e.g., liver abscess) to be caused by gas-forming organisms; however, emphysematous hepatitis simulating emphysematous pyelonephritis is very rare. The case reported here was of fatal emphysematous hepatitis in a patient with hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Curso de atualização em emergências médicas: aula 18: insuficiência hepatica aguda / Course of updating in medical emergencies: class 18: acute hepatic failure

A insuficiência hepática aguda (IHA) é uma síndrome clínica extremamente grave, de diagnóstico precoce difícil, evolução rápida e alta mortalidade. Nesta revisão buscamos reunir as informações mais atuais sobre classificação, etiologia, diagnóstico e tratamento, discutindo as diversas controvérsias sobre o tema. O diagnóstico da IHA é difícil e engloba o quadro clínico e laboratorial de hepatite aguda (grave), tempo de protrombina alargado, com qualquer alteração do sensório, além de pesquisa cuidadosa na história do paciente, incluindo o uso de medicações ou ervas e presença de diagnóstico prévio de hepatopatia. O diagnóstico etiólogico inclui infecções virais, medicamentos e toxinas, causas cardíacas e vasculares, metabólicas, além da hepatite autoimune, doenças de Wilson e neoplasias. O tratamento da IHA é dado em duas etapas, sendo a primeira constituída pelas medidas de suporte, prevenção e tratamento das complicações, que devem ser oferecidas a todos os pacientes, e a segunda pelas medidas específicas, que serão direcionadas dependendo da etiologia. O transplante hepático é a única terapia definitiva para os pacientes que não conseguem o restabelimento da função hepática.

Acute hepatic failure (AHF) is one extremely serious clinical syndrome of difficult pre-emptive diagnosis, rapid evolution and high mortality. In this review we summarized the current information regarding its classification, etiology, diagnosis and treatment, and discussed the controversies about the issue. The diagnosis of the AHF is difficult and includes laboratorial and clinical findings of severe acute hepatitis, increased prothrombin time and presence of hepatic encephalopathy. It is necessary that a careful history of the patient be obtained especially with respect to utilization of medications, herbs as well as the presence of previous diagnosis of liver disease. The possible etiologies include viral infections, cardiac and vascular affections, medications and toxins, metabolic causes, auto-immune hepatitis, Wilson's disease and neoplasm. The treatment of AHF requires support measures, prevention and treatment of complications that must be offered all patients and specific measures which should be offered according to the etiology of AHF. Liver transplant is the only definitive therapy for patients who do not recover the hepatic function.

Síndrome de Fitz-Hugh-Curtis como hallazgo durante cirugía ginecológica / Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome: a case report

El síndrome de Fitz-Hugh-Curtis es una perihepatitis producida por una peritonitis secundaria al ascenso de bacterias, como resultado de una enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica. En la etapa crónica se pueden observar adherencias entre la pared abdominal y la superficie hepática, caracterizadas por la semejanza a "cuerdas de violín". Esta imagen es considerada criterio diagnóstico. Se presenta un caso de hallazgo de síndrome de Fitz-Hugh-Curtis, pesquisado durante la inspección rutinaria de la cavidad abdominopélvica, al finalizar una histerectomía laparoscópica.

The Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome is a perihepatitis secondary to peritonitis caused by ascending bacteria from a pelvic inflammatory disease. During the chronic phase may be observe adherences between the abdominal wall and the liver surface characterized by a "violin string" similarity. This image is considered criterion for the diagnosis. A case of incidental Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome observed during a routinely abdo-minopelvic cavity inspection at the end of a laparoscopic hysterectomy is presented.

Four patients with hepatitis A presenting with fulminant hepatitis and acute renal failure and who underwent liver transplantation / 대한간학회지

Hepatitis A is generally known as a mild, self-limiting disease of the liver, but in rare instances it can progress to fulminant hepatitis, which may require liver transplantation for recovery. Such cases are known to be related to old age and underlying liver disease. We report four cases of hepatitis A in which patients presented with fulminant hepatitis and acute renal failure and underwent liver transplantation. The following common features were observed in our cases: (1) occurrence in relatively old age (> or =39 years old), (2) association with acute renal failure, (3) presence of hepatomegaly, and (4) microscopic features of submassive hepatic necrosis.

Transplante de fígado para falência hepática fulminante / Liver transplant for fulminant hepatic failure

A falência hepática fulminante (FHF) é uma síndrome clínica com alta morbidade e mortalidade. A disfunção de múltiplos órgãos apresentada pelos pacientes com FHF é um dos mais intrigantes problemas do manejo em medicina clínica e requer cooperação entre intensivistas, neurologistas, hepatologistas e cirurgiões de transplante. A única intervenção terapêutica que provê benefício definitivo nos pacientes com falência hepática aguda avançada é o transplante de fígado de emergência.

The fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a clinical syndrome associated with high morbidity and mortality. The multiorgan dysfunction presented by patient with FHF is one of the most challenging management problems in clinical medicine and require very close cooperation in clinical medicine, the meurologist, and the hepatologist and transplant surgeon's. The only therapeutic intervention of proven benefit for patients with advanced acute liver failure is the emergency liver transplantation. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with FHF and submited for liver transplantation at the Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital, Pernambuco University.

Clinical feature of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome: Analysis of 25 cases / 대한간학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome is defined as perihepatitis associated with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). We retrospectively analyzed clinical and laboratory manifestations as well as the therapeutic response in patients with clinically diagnosed Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. METHODS: A cohort of 25 patients with PID and perihepatitis (as diagnosed by dynamic abdominal computed tomography (CT)) was enrolled. The prognosis, clinical manifestations, and physical examination, laboratory, and CT findings were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) age of the patients was 32(+/-8) years, and all of them were sexually active, premenopausal women, and presented with abdominal pain. Of these, 52% complained of vaginal discharge. On physical examination, right upper-quadrant tenderness was the most common finding (84%), with lower-abdominal tenderness being present in 20% of patients. On laboratory examination, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were increased in 76% and 92% of the patients, respectively. The white blood cell count was increased in 60% of them. Most patients had a normal liver function test. Using a specimen of the cervical discharge, the polymerase chain reaction to test for Chlamydia trachomatis were positive in 87% (13/15) of the patients, and Chlamydia antigen was found in 75% (9/12) of them. Dynamic abdominal CT revealed subcapsular enhancement of the liver in the arterial phase. All of the patients improved with antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms and physical findings suggestive of PID are not present in many patients with Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. When a premenopausal woman complains of upper abdominal pain and shows CT findings compatible with perihepatitis, examination of cervical discharge would be recommended to assess the possibility of Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome.

Posthepatitis aplastic anaemia presenting only with bilateral vision loss.

Aplastic anaemia is pancytopenia with marrow hypocellularity. Hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia is a varient or aplastic anaemia that follows an acute attack of seronegative hepatitis. Here a case of hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia presenting with sudden onset of severe simultaneous bilateral vision loss and without any other usual presenting signs is reported. Partial recovery of blood cell count occurred following immunosuppressive therapy. Posterior hyalodotmy helped rapid resolution of premacular subhyaloid haemorrhage. Although bilateral vision loss may rarely be the initial presentation of aplastic anaemia, no such report is known in hepatitis-associated aplastic anaemia. Posthepatitis vision loss needs careful investigation to exclude an underlying haematological disorder.

[ acute liver failure [ALF] in children - about 55 cases]

The acute liver failure [ALF] in children has multiple etiological factors.. In our context, the infectious, especially viruses, are in the first rank. In this study, the authors report 35 cases of ALF, diagnosed and treated in our unit, between January the 1st 2003 to february 28[th], 2006 for analyzing the clinical, biochemical characteristics, the evolution as well as the treatment. The age of the patients varies between 2 months to 14 years old. Clinically, the jaundice was noted at 57% of the patients, are bleeding 28%, a hepatomegaly 41% with cirrhotic once at 17% and a generalized edema at 34%. A hepatic encephalopathy was noted in 11% of the patients. On the biological parameters: the rate of prothrombin [RP] was lower than 50% in 82% of cases, the hepatic cytolysis was noted in 88% of cases, the hypoalbuminemia in 40% and low blood glucose in 43% of the patients. Concerning etiologies, the infectious origin accounts for 45%, followed by Wilson disease with a rate of 19%. The treatment is in all cases symptomatic; it was etiologie each time that a cause was identified. The death of 3 patients is deplored. The infectious origin remains the dominant cause in our department, represented primarily by hepatitis A and the leishmaniosis, followed by the Wilson's disease. The high mortality must encourage rapid evaluation and selection of the patients candidates to liver transplant